2023年10月20日 星期五

動物_鳥類交配※

忽然被人問鳥類是如何交配?
腦中第一個詞彙是「交尾」。
眼前出現雄鳥和雌鳥尾部"蜻蜓點水式"接觸後,卵子將在體內受精的想像畫面。
我便照此敘述,而具體的生理機制,我一時無法解釋。
似乎國高中有教,但年代久遠,記不清了。於是,查資料,補習生物常識。


下圖是鳥的生殖系統,國立中興大學動物科學系畜產經營研究室,2015年解剖拍攝(註1)。
中興大學網站寫:
 鳥的生殖器在腎臟的前面,公鳥有睪丸,母鳥有卵巢,都是左右一對。 
 公鳥的生殖器是從睪丸連接細長的輸精管到總泄殖腔的背壁上,另外還有副睪丸。
 當睪丸受到生殖腺刺激賀爾蒙的影響進入繁殖期後,就會慢慢變大;
 等過了繁殖期後又會再變小。 包括鸚形目及多數鳥類的公鳥並沒有陰莖。 
 交尾時,母鳥的泄殖腔會打開,公鳥的泄殖腔會凸出
 兩者接觸後,母鳥會將其吸入,精液也會隨之注入。

此有2個重點,
第1個,就是我(們)所關心:鳥類交尾,
它是雄性的泄殖腔(cloaca)和雌性的性泄殖腔對口接觸,雄性的精液流入雌性體內。
科學家稱之為「泄殖腔之吻」(the cloacal kiss)(註2),如下圖。

註3

第2個,它說:多數鳥類的公鳥並沒有陰莖。
我搜尋的資料,這比例約97%。換言之,
僅3%的鳥類有功能上陰莖(functional penises,註4),或稱假陰莖(pseudo-penis)比較好。
由生殖結節(genital tubercle)發育而成。
根據資料,假陰莖和生殖無關。 
它裡面不含血液和精子(It does not contain blood vessels or spermatozoa,註4),
只是協助將精子倒到泄殖腔內(註3)。



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1. 鳥類如何交配:雄性的泄殖腔(cloaca)和雌性的性泄殖腔對口接觸。
2. 3%的鳥類有功能上陰莖。
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為了探究鳥為何消失了鳥[性器官],美國佛羅里達大學的Martin Cohn等人,
利用演化發育生物學的方法,
比較了兩種沒有小雞雞[性器官]的雞和鵪鶉,以及三種有小雞雞的鴨、鵝和鴯鶓的胚胎發育。

在發育初期,這些鳥都會長出生殖結節(genital tubercle),是尿生殖膜頭側形成的隆起。
鴨、鵝和鴯鶓的生殖結節會繼續發育成正常的陰莖,
可是雞和鵪鶉的生殖結節不僅停止生長,還會萎縮,原因是細胞凋亡。


目前地球上約有 1 萬種鳥類,和它們的爬蟲類祖先一樣,其中 97% 以上擁有的是泄殖腔。
泄殖腔有很多好處,最重要的是:沒有那麼多零碎,輕省啊,方便飛行。
 至於交配嘛,兩個孔一對,讓精液流過去就好了。 簡單是簡單了,鳥也就成了快槍手。

不過還有差不多 3% 的鳥特立獨行。 
它們主要是雁形目和鶴鴕目、美洲鴕目、鴕鳥目、(共鳥)形目、鸛類、鳳冠雉諸位。
它們有“小丁丁[性器官]”!
當然,這些小丁丁和哺乳類的小丁丁還是有不少差別的,
哺乳類小丁丁勃起時,充的是血液,
而這些鳥類充的是淋巴液,精液也不是順著小丁丁內部的輸精管 進入雌鳥體內,
而是順著小丁丁外部流入(腦補了下下雨時候順著柱子往下流水的情景),
還有,可以注意到,鴨子的小丁丁是螺旋形的,當不使用 的時候,可以盤入腹中。

[解說生殖結節(genital tubercle)的部分,與註2一致]
○There are nearly 10,000 species of birds in the world, but only around 3% of them have functional penises. Most male birds use their cloaca, a multi-purpose orifice used for both digestive excretion and reproduction, to mate.

○In birds, apoptosis of the genital tubercle is triggered by a gene called Bone morphogenetic protein 4, or Bmp4, a protein involved in bone, muscle, cartilage, and limb development. In the majority of birds, Bmp4 gets switched on and blocks the genital tubercle from developing into a penis so they either lack one altogether or it’s so small as to be rendered useless.

○Do birds have clitorises?
In mammals the genital tubercle formed in utero will grow into either a penis or a clitoris, so if in some birds it develops into a penis you might expect that the female of the species develops a clitoris.

But it turns out that only a couple of known species of birds possess anything resembling a clitoris: cassowaries, and red-billed buffalo weavers. And even then, things aren’t quite what they seem.

Male cassowaries have a pseudo-penis which is not connected to the reproduction system but is used to help push sperm from his cloaca into the female’s. Female cassowaries also have this pseudo-penis type appendage, but it would be equally valid to refer to it as a clitoris, which means that male cassowaries don’t have penises at all but “male clitorises”.

Red-billed buffalo weavers, renowned in the avian kingdom for their marathon sex sessions, have a pseudo-penis, about 1.5 cm in length that they rub against the female during copulation. It does not contain blood vessels or spermatozoa and it appears its function is solely to give pleasure to the female. Red-billed buffalo weavers who live in colonies have longer “male clitorises” which would suggest that its evolution can be explained by competition from other males.



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