鴿子與雞走路時看似「搖頭晃腦」,其實是在交替進行頭部快速前伸與短暫固定,
藉此穩定視覺,而這種 head-bobbing 並不是所有鳥類都會明顯出現。
也正好可以解釋:為什麼雞、鴿子走路時,看起來總是在「搖頭晃腦」?
一、牠其實不是一直前後搖頭
以鴿子為例,高速攝影研究發現,牠走路時的頭部運動主要分成兩個階段。① Thrust phase:頭快速往前伸
頭會快速向前移到下一個位置,接著進入 hold phase。
② Hold phase:頭暫時固定在空間中
身體繼續往前走,但頭幾乎維持在原來的位置。從旁邊看,就好像頭相對身體慢慢往後縮。
因此,真正的運動比較接近:
頭快速前移 → 頭固定、身體跟上 → 頭再快速前移 → 再固定。(註1、註2)
而不是頭真的不停地「前後擺動」。
在 hold phase 中,頭相對外界環境會保持高度穩定;
這種「快速前移+暫時固定」正是鳥類 head-bobbing 的典型特徵。(註2)
這套動作的重要功能之一,就是穩定 hold phase 時視網膜上的影像。
這種受視覺控制的頭部穩定,被認為是一種 optokinetic response(視動反應)。(註3)
1978 年還有一個很有說服力的實驗:讓鴿子在跑步機上行走。
當鴿子雖然腳在走,但相對房間並沒有真正向前移動時,典型的 head-bobbing 會消失。
這表示它主要不是「腳一走,脖子就機械性跟著動」,
而是一種受到視覺環境相對運動控制的反應。(註1)
此外,研究界還提出另一種功能:
head-bobbing 可能利用運動視差(motion parallax) 協助深度知覺。
也就是當觀察位置改變時,近處物體在視野中移動得較快,遠處物體較慢。
不過這是幾種功能假說之一;影像穩定則有相當直接的實驗支持。(註4)
二、所有鳥走路都會這樣嗎?
不是所有鳥走路都會這樣。
這種 head-bobbing 在一些鳥類特別明顯,
例如鴿子、斑鳩、雞、鶉、雉類,以及部分鷺類與地棲鳥;
但另一些鳥類則不明顯,甚至不會出現典型的 head-bobbing。(註5)
而且這也不是絕對依照鳥種區分,
同一種鳥在不同步態或覓食情境下,也可能出現或不出現 head-bobbing。(註6)
因此,不同鳥類是否出現明顯的「點頭走路」,
可能與牠們的步態與覓食方式等因素有關。(註5、註6)
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註1: Frost, 1978:The Optokinetic Basis of Head-Bobbing in the Pigeon
○The analysis of film records indicated that head-bobbing whilst walking consists of two phases:
one where the head is ‘locked’ in space but moves backward relative to its forward moving body;
and another where it is thrust rapidly forward to a new position.
○ The fact that head-bobbing is abolished when pigeons walk on a treadmill
suggests it is primarily a visual response rather than an equilibratory response.
註2: Head-bobbing of walking birds
Many birds show a rhythmic forward and backward movement of their heads
when they walk on the ground.
This so-called "head-bobbing" is characterized by a rapid forward movement (thrust phase)
which is followed by a phase where the head keeps its position
with regard to the environment but moves backward with regard to the body (hold phase).
These head movements are synchronized with the leg movements.
註3: Troje & Frost, 2000
It has been shown that the stabilization during the hold phase is under visual control.
This has led to the view that the pigeon’s head-bobbing is an optokinetic response
to stabilize the retinal image during the hold phase.
註4: Jiménez Ortega et al., 2009:Vision during head bobbing
Three main functions for head bobbing have been proposed:
Head bobbing might have a biomechanical cause,
it might serve depth perception via motion parallax.
註5: Kinematic parameters of the walking of herons, ground-feeders, and waterfowl
Another possible cause for these differences was the magnitude of head bobbing,
as the ground-feeders and herons, which walk with head bobbing,
showed a large relative stride length and excursion angle, while the waterfowl,
which do not head-bob, walk with a relatively short stride length and small excursion angle.
註6: Lisney & Troje, 2016:Head-bobbing in the Ring-billed Gull
As a group, gulls (Laridae) are among the birds that reportedly do not head-bob,
yet here we report head-bobbing among Ring-billed Gulls (Larus delawarensis),
observed and filmed in Ontario,
when walking relatively slowly while foraging on the ground.

